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Fall Final Review Terms
Unit II: A Nation and Its Ideals Emerge [Chapters 4-7]
Mayflower Compact
| Define: Separatist agreed to a representative government
Significance: first written framework of self-government (US) |
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Natural Rights
| Define:
Enlightenment idea of rights that all men are born with (e.g. life, liberty & pursuit of hapiness).
Significance: Thomas Jeffrson used John Locke's ideas of NRs in the Declaration of Independence. |
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Constitutional Convention
Define: it was created because of the problems under the Articles (poor economy, Shays Rebellion, etc.)
Significance: created a constitution with a stronger central gov’t |
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Stamp Act
| Define: a tax imposed on the colonists to help Britain pay off the French Indian War
Significance: it was never put into effect, but it led to calls for “no taxation without representation” |
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Common Sense
| Define: a pamphlet by Thomas Paine attacking the then beloved King George III
Significance: it persuaded the commoners to question Britain and move towards revolution |
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US Constitution
| Define: our plan of government
Significance: it added separation of powers & checks & balances to prevent tyranny |
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Boston Tea Party
| Define: a group of protesters destroyed British tea in reaction to the Tea Act
Significance: it led to the Intolerable Acts |
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Declaration of Independence
| Define: a list of grievances against King George III & a justification for independence
Significance: enlightenment ideals of equality, liberty, rights, opportunity & democracy |
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Bill of Rights
| Define:
The first 10 amendments of the Constitution.
Significance: spelled out many of the liberties that Americans have (e.g. speech, religion, trial by jury). |
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Enlightenment
| Define:
Intellectual movement that stressed reason, science & improving human society.
Significance: Many of the Enlightenment ideas were used in the Declaration of Independence & the Constitution. |
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Articles of Confederation
| Define: America’s first constitution
Significance: it was considered too weak (couldn’t tax, no judiciary or army, etc.) |
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Unit III: The Growth of and Challenges to American Ideals [PPT Lectures & Chapter 11]
Marshall Court
Define: The federal court under Chief Justice John Marshall
Significance: it expanded the power of the federal government |
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Nullification Crisis
| Define:
South Carolia tried to nullify, or ignore, federal tariffs but backed down.
Significance: It is an example of the struggle between national and state power. |
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13th, 14th & 15th Amendments
Define:
Reconstruction Era Amendments to help the freed slaves.
13th: Abolish slavery
14th: All men are equal before the law
15th: cannot ban someone from voting bercause of race |
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Second Great Awakening
Define: a religious revival with an egalitarian message
Significance: it led to calls for temperance, public education & abolitionism |
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Compromise of 1850
Define: CA would be a free state & the Fugitive Slave Law
Significance: it led to more friction b/t the North & the South |
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Plessy v. Ferguson
Define: a Supreme Court case over segregation
Significance: segregation was allowed: “separate but equal” |
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Democratization
| Define:
Political reforms were made during the 1820s that allowed more people to vote.
Significance: Land requirements were removed so that poor white men could vote too. |
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Reconstruction
| Define:
the period after the Civil War when northern Republicans attempted to
bring equality to the freed slaves.
Significance: It included the 13th, 14th & 15th Amendments. |
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Unit IV: Growing Pains & Gains [Chapters 12-15]
Transcontinental railroad
Define: a railroad that went from the east coast to the west coast
Significance: it united the east and the west (increased trade) |
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Laissez-faire
Define: belief that the government should leave businesses alone
Significance: the gov’t allowed prices to rise from the monopolies |
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Push & Pull Factors
| Define:
Push factors are why immigrants leave a place & pull factors are the reasons why they go to a particular place.
Significance: The most important factors are usually economic (jobs). |
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Populist Party
Define: a party that tried to help workers and farmers
Significance: it promoted the 8hour work day, gov’t owned railroads & expanding the money supply |
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Social Darwinism
Define: best-run businesses would beat out poorly run ones (“survival of the fittest”
Significance: we all benefit if the gov’t doesn’t get involved |
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Americanization
Define: promotion of American values and customs
Significance: education was the tool to assimilate immigrants into US culture |
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Horizontal & Vertical Integration
Define:
When companies merge together. Horizontal is with similar companies & Vertical is with companies that are part of the same production process
Significance: Companies increased in size during this time. |
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Working Class
Define: urban factory workers (blue collar workers)
Significance: worked under bad conditions (repetitive & dangerous) for low wages |
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Unit V: The Progressive Era [Chapters 16-18]
Urbanization
| Define:
the growth of cities
Significance: Industrialization provided jobs to immigrants & farmers |
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Social Gospel
Define: the idea that Christians should reform society, not just themselves
Significance: it challenged social Darwinism & put morality above profit |
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Sixteenth Amendment
Define: it allowed the federal government to tax income
Significance: it led to lower tariffs & a graduated income tax where wealthy pay more |
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The Jungle
Define: Upton Sinclair’s book about the poor working & unsanitary conditions of the meat industry
Significance: it led to the Meat Inspection Act |
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Define: focused on political rights for blacks (e.g. voting)
Significance: used a more confrontational strategy to gain respect for blacks |
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Seventeenth Amendment
Define: it required the direct election of Senators
Significance: it gave the average citizen more power over the Senate |
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Extractive industries
Define: business that take mineral resources from the earth (e.g. oil, iron & coal)
Significance: it created jobs but also damaged the environment |
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Clayton Antitrust Act
| Define: a law against companies working together against the consumer
Significance: it led to more competition (lowered prices) |
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Eighteenth Amendment
Define: it prohibited or banned alcohol
Significance: the temperance movement argued it would elevate the poor |
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Tammany Hall
Define: New York city’s political machine
Significance: it helped the poor, including immigrants, but it was also undemocratic & corrupt |
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Pure Food & Drug Act
Define: it set up the FDA to test & approve drugs
Significance: it led safer & more effective medicines |
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Nineteenth Amendment
Define: it guaranteed women’s suffrage
Significance: women could now vote throughout the country |
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Pendleton Act
Define: it set guidelines for hiring civil servants (government employees)
Significance: it tried to get rid of patronage (giving jobs to friends & political supporters) |
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Children's Bureau
| Define:
set up by Taft to investigate child labor
Significance: first step towards banning it altogether |
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Progressives
| Define: reformers who wanted to solve problems caused by industrialism
Significance: helped urban poor economically & politically |
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Federal Reserve System
Define: the “Fed” was set up to regulate the money supply
Significance: it helped stabilize our banking system & prevent panics |
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Unit VI & VII: Expanding American Influence [Chapters 19-21, 23 & 25]
Ch. 19-21 (8) |
Ch. 22-24 (8) |
Ch. 25 (7) |
Imperialism
| Define: the acquisition of colonies to get resources and markets to sell goods, as well as, to spread democracy and christianity
Significance: the US acquired Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, etc |
Big Stick Policy
| Define: Roosevelt’s policy to use the navy to further American interests
[force]
Significance: we encouraged a revolt in Colombia to get the panama canal |
Roosevelt Corollary
| Define: it extended the Monroe Doctrine to give the US “international police powers”
Significance: intervene in Latin America (e.g. Dominican Republic) |
Moral Diplomacy
| Define: Wilson’s policy to promote human rights and self-determination
[promote ideals]
Significance: he ended up intervening more than Roosevelt & Taft |
Panama Canal
| Define:
a canal built through Panama to connect the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific ocean so that we can transport goods quickly
Significance:the US helped overthrow the Colombian rule in Panama to get the canal |
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Open Door Policy
| Define: the US policy to prevent Europe and Japan from colonizing China
Significance: the “free trade” allowed the US to sell goods to China & make money |
Dollar Diplomacy
| Define: Taft’s policy to promote America’s business interests in Latin America
[economic]
Significance: Taft put a pro-US gov’t in Nicaragua to protect our businesses |
Liberty Bonds
| Define:
The government sold bonds in order to raise money for the war. The bonds would later be bought back for more money.
Significance: The government used celebrities to promote the buying of bonds. |
Great Migration
| Define:
The mass migration of African Americans from the South to the North and West.
Significance: Racism pushed them out of the South and war jobs pulled them to the North. |
Espionage & Sedition Acts
| Define: laws to prevent protests that obstructed the war effort
Significance: they limited civil liberties such as free speech |
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Schenck v. United States
| Define: Schenck was arrested for protesting
Significance: the Supreme Court said his free speech could be curbed under “clear & present danger” |
Fourteen Points
| Define: Wilson’s plan for world peace
Significance: it was partially used for the Treaty of Versailles |
Treaty of Versailles
| Define: the treaty with Germany following WWI that created the League of Nations
Significance: the US didn’t ratify it |
League of Nations
| Define: int’l organization to promote peace through collective security
Significance: the US didn’t join it b/c many feared it would commit us to future wars |
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Here is an example of a note card.
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